The heads of European telecoms firms, including Orange and Vodafone, on Monday urged the EU to make tech and streaming giants pay for the massive amounts of bandwidth they use.
The idea is not new but has ignited a fierce debate.
Telecoms giants say that they need more money to maintain and update the infrastructure to meet Europe's voracious data needs, and that it would be fairer if firms like Netflix contributed towards the cost.
But tech behemoths say telecoms companies already get money from customers, while digital rights activists fear making web giants pay would create a two-speed internet.
"Big tech companies pay today almost nothing for data transport in our networks, far from covering the costs needed to expand networks," a letter published by the European telecoms lobby group ETNO and signed by 20 CEOs said.
"A fair and proportionate contribution from the largest traffic generators towards the costs of network infrastructure should form the basis of a new approach," they said.
ETNO has previously named Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Microsoft, Google and Netflix as the major culprits.
The CEOs said the European Union estimated that at least 174 billion euros ($183 billion) of new investment is needed by 2030 to meet connectivity targets.
"The telecoms sector is currently not strong enough to meet that demand," said the CEOs, including Orange's Christel Heydemann and Telefonica's Jose Maria Alvarez-Pallete.
The European Commission launched a public consultation in February, inviting citizens, non-governmental organisations and companies to make their submissions by May.
The EU's executive arm is expected to make the results public before the end of 2023.
The idea of "fair contribution to telecommunication networks" is also divisive within the EU.
While earlier this year the European Parliament voiced support for the measure, not all of the EU's 27 member states are on board.
Many countries reportedly opposed such a levy on tech firms in June.
The Computer & Communications Industry Association (CCIA), one of the main tech lobbying groups, has repeatedly argued against the measure, warning that fees would have disastrous consequences for European consumers.
One of their main arguments is that customers would be forced to pay twice, first for the internet access, and second through higher costs for streaming and cloud services.
Last year, 34 civil society organisations wrote in an open letter that any levy would go against Europe's rules on net neutrality, whereby telecoms firms are barred from selling faster internet speeds to particular companies.
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